Re-Examining the Town Square Test

Used by Condoleezza Rice and George W. Bush to define a key difference between "free" and "fear" states, historian Jeffrey Wasserstrom looks to the global public uprisings of 2011 to prove the validity of the Town Square Test.

1 minute read

January 11, 2012, 10:00 AM PST

By Jonathan Nettler @nettsj


Directly tying the political state of a country to the use of public space, "At the heart of the Town Square Test is the notion that the difference between living in a "free" state and living in a "fear" state is clear and comes down to whether a person can go to the town square and "express his or her views without fear of arrest, imprisonment, or physical harm."

Wasserstrom asserts that Rice encouraged the U.S. Government to use the test to guide foreign policy, identifying opportunities to turn "fear" states into "free" ones.

"News stories from 2011 provided plenty of fresh evidence that people in many parts of the world thirst for a greater degree of freedom and often are willing to take great risks in pursuit of this goal, but in many other ways, the year's events challenged, rather than reinforced, the Town Square Test worldview."

Wednesday, January 4, 2012 in Miller-McCune

portrait of professional woman

I love the variety of courses, many practical, and all richly illustrated. They have inspired many ideas that I've applied in practice, and in my own teaching. Mary G., Urban Planner

I love the variety of courses, many practical, and all richly illustrated. They have inspired many ideas that I've applied in practice, and in my own teaching.

Mary G., Urban Planner

Get top-rated, practical training

Historic homes in St. Augustine, Florida.

Florida Considers Legalizing ADUs

Current state law allows — but doesn’t require — cities to permit accessory dwelling units in single-family residential neighborhoods.

March 18, 2025 - Newsweek

Aerial view of suburban housing near Las Vegas, Nevada.

HUD Announces Plan to Build Housing on Public Lands

The agency will identify federally owned parcels appropriate for housing development and streamline the regulatory process to lease or transfer land to housing authorities and nonprofit developers.

March 17, 2025 - The Wall Street Journal

Bird's eye view of manufactured home park.

Manufactured Crisis: Losing the Nation’s Largest Source of Unsubsidized Affordable Housing

Manufactured housing communities have long been an affordable housing option for millions of people living in the U.S., but that affordability is disappearing rapidly. How did we get here?

March 25, 2025 - Shelterforce

Brick buildings on small town street with red awnings on first floor businesses.

Research: Walkability Linked to Improved Public Health

A study reveals that the density of city blocks is a significant factor in communities’ walkability and, subsequently, improved public health outcomes for residents.

3 hours ago - Great Lakes Echo

Aerial view of neighborhood under construction with houses and vacant lots.

Report Outlines Strategies for Resilient Wildfire Recovery in LA

Project Recovery offers a roadmap for rebuilding more sustainable and climate-resilient communities after wildfires and other disasters.

4 hours ago - Urban Land Institute

Red rock landscape in Bears Ears National Monument, Utah.

New Executive Order Renews Attack on Public Lands

An order issued late last week pushes for increased mineral extraction on federally owned public lands.

5 hours ago - Rocky Mountain Community Radio