Experiments Validate Broken Windows Theory

The controversial theory that social and physical disorder is a cause of neighborhood crime has been successfully demonstrated with a series of six experiments.

1 minute read

November 27, 2008, 9:00 AM PST

By Tim Halbur


A recent series of experiments in the Netherlands has shown some dramatic evidence in favor of the so-called broken windows theory. This theory predicts that neighborhood social and physical incivilities will incite people to engage in criminal behaviors. Examples of incivilities include litter, graffiti, loitering, and public intoxication. One experiment gave passers by the opportunity to steal a €5 note from an open mailbox. The portion of people who decided to pocket the money doubled when the area was littered with trash or covered in graffiti. The results of this study are compelling evidence that city governments should respond to signs of physical disorder early.

Thanks to Nick Helmholdt

Thursday, November 20, 2008 in The Economist

portrait of professional woman

I love the variety of courses, many practical, and all richly illustrated. They have inspired many ideas that I've applied in practice, and in my own teaching. Mary G., Urban Planner

I love the variety of courses, many practical, and all richly illustrated. They have inspired many ideas that I've applied in practice, and in my own teaching.

Mary G., Urban Planner

Cover CM Credits, Earn Certificates, Push Your Career Forward

Logo for Planetizen Federal Action Tracker with black and white image of U.S. Capitol with water ripple overlay.

Planetizen Federal Action Tracker

A weekly monitor of how Trump’s orders and actions are impacting planners and planning in America.

June 18, 2025 - Diana Ionescu

Two people walking away from camera through pedestrian plaza in street in Richmond, Virginia with purple and white city bus moving in background.

Vehicle-related Deaths Drop 29% in Richmond, VA

The seventh year of the city's Vision Zero strategy also cut the number of people killed in alcohol-related crashes by half.

June 17, 2025 - WRIC

Two small wooden one-story homes in Florida with floodwaters at their doors.

As Trump Phases Out FEMA, Is It Time to Flee the Floodplains?

With less federal funding available for disaster relief efforts, the need to relocate at-risk communities is more urgent than ever.

June 16, 2025 - Governing

Wood-frame multifamily housing units under construction on a street in low-density area or suburb.

More Apartments Are Being Built in Less-Dense Areas

Rising housing costs in urban cores and a demand for rental housing is driving more multifamily development to exurbs and small metros.

15 minutes ago - Smart Cities Dive

People at beach on sunny day doing clean-up of plastic bottles and other trash.

Plastic Bag Bans Actually Worked

U.S. coastal areas with plastic bag bans or fees saw significant reductions in plastic bag pollution — but plastic waste as a whole is growing.

1 hour ago - Fast Company

Close-up on PG&E "SmartMeter" electricity meter on side of building.

Improving Indoor Air Quality, One Block at a Time

A movement to switch to electric appliances at the neighborhood scale is taking off in California.

4 hours ago - Inside Climate News