While zoning reforms can help reduce barriers to building more housing, high construction costs and local opposition mean that the state won't see an immediate boom in density.
California's Senate Bill 9, recently signed into law by Governor Gavin Newsom, takes aim at the state's housing crunch by abolishing single-family zoning, allowing "owners to split their lots or convert homes to duplexes, regardless of local zoning, in an effort to increase the state’s anemic housing production, open up high-opportunity neighborhoods, and lower rents and home prices."
As Henry Grabar writes, the bill has been praised by opponents of 'exclusionary zoning' as a step toward increasing affordability, and is, symbolically, "a huge deal in the national movement to break down the apartment bans that effectively segregate American cities and shows just how far the policy window has shifted in the past five years." But Grabar argues that "the reality will not be instant housing abundance—or the destruction of the suburbs, for better or for worse." But according to a study from the Terner Center for Housing Innovation, "reforming zoning can only do so much."
The study shows that "SB 9 would be relevant to just 1 in 20 single-family-home parcels in California," partly due to loopholes in the law and and a condition in the bill that stipulates that one owner can't split adjacent lots. "But the largest limitation by far is simply that lightly densifying most parcels won’t pencil: Buying and building in California is expensive. Once you take development costs into account, SB 9’s territory narrows from 6 million to 410,000 parcels." Moreover, "[h]omeowners don’t always act to maximize their financial prospects, and those who try may have trouble securing financing."
Grabar compares SB 9 to California's Accessory Dwelling Unit regulations, which took more than three decades to make a significant impact as "cities and suburbs erected so many regulatory barriers that it was really hard to build a legal ADU." Although today Los Angeles alone is issuing over 5,000 ADU permits a year, "it will take hundreds of years for the state to reach what the Terner Center reckons are the 1.8 million ADUs that could be economically and legally built today."
Grabar foresees similar obstacles for duplexes, such as "height limits, floor-area ratio rules, minimum lot sizes, and development fees," barriers which will likely have to be addressed by the state legislature in the future. According to David Garcia, policy director at the Terner Center, in order to spur construction of ADUs, "[l]awmakers had to be proactive about eliminating setback requirements, reducing impact fees, wiping away owner-occupancy requirements."
While zoning poses one major obstacle to more density, prohibitively high building costs also play an important role. "In much of the state, costs have gotten so high it may take more substantive upzoning to justify buying and demolishing a single-family home." Realistically, says Grabar, single-family neighborhoods "aren’t going anywhere."
FULL STORY: You Can Kill Single-Family Zoning, but You Can’t Kill the Suburbs
The Mall Is Dead — Long Live the Mall
The American shopping mall may be closer to its original vision than ever.
Report: Las Vegas, Houston Top List of Least Affordable Cities
The report assesses the availability of affordable rental units for low-income households.
Adaptive Reuse Bills Introduced in California Assembly
The legislation would expand eligibility for economic incentives and let cities loosen regulations to allow for more building conversions.
LA-to-San Francisco Night Train Closer to Reality
A train operator has entered into formal negotiations with Union Pacific to move the project forward with a projected launch date of 2025.
Lawsuit Aims to Stop Dodger Stadium Gondola
A proposed aerial tram project that would shuttle visitors to L.A.’s Dodger Stadium faces backlash from environmental and community groups.
Why Parking Reform Goes Hand in Hand With More Housing
To achieve the full benefits of ‘missing middle housing’ and make way for small-lot construction, cities must rethink parking mandates.
City of Yakima
City of Auburn
Baylands Development Inc.
HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research
Mpact Transit + Community
HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research
City of Birmingham, Alabama
City of Laramie, Wyoming
Colorado Department of Local Affairs
Urban Design for Planners 1: Software Tools
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process.
Planning for Universal Design
Learn the tools for implementing Universal Design in planning regulations.