An exhibit by Congolese artist Bodys Isek Kingelez at the Museum of Modern Art invokes urban idealism at the same time that it serves as a foil for poverty and deprivation in the megacities of the developing world.

The two-dozen or so bright, garish, playful, unlikely, and intricately detailed models of buildings and cities on display in the City Dreams exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art look astonishingly like a collaboration between Le Corbusier and Pee-wee Herman.
Their creator, however, was neither an austere, imperious Modernist from Switzerland nor a fictional man-child from Florida. He is Bodys Isek Kingelez, a self-taught sculptor who responded to war and dictatorial strife in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) with an imagination fueled by equal parts whimsy, defiance, and hope.
Kingelez's consructions largely separate design from architecture. The two-dozen or so pieces in City Dreams are not models of buildings he would or could build but rather are fully realized artworks that allude to the real world while simultaneously existing in a fantasy realm all their own. Using everything from paper, plastic, and foamcore to aluminum foil, rubber bands, and toothpicks—to name just a few of the roughly 50 materials listed in the exhibit catalog—Kingelez imagines multicolored towers, spires, cornices, pediments, and just about any other bit of postmodern ornamentation you can imagine, affixed with an endearingly amateur hand. Corbusier would have a heart attack.
The exhibit includes both discrete buildings and entire cityscapes, the latter roughly the size of a bedroom model train set, that all reflect decidedly Modernist principles. Buildings are separated from each other. Streets are wide and prominent. Plazas and other open space are available to nonexistent pedestrians. Residents travel by monorail and elevated highway. Skylines are topped by monumental towers that serve little purpose other than to parody their infinitely more purposeless real-world counterparts. Signage abounds—often cheekily advertising Kingelez's own name. His "dream" looks nothing like the dense, walkable, endearing places that many planners promote today.
While Kingelez's aesthetic may be child-like and therefore timeless, he is very much a product of his time and place. Many of his constructions refer to Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC and, today, one of the booming cities of Africa. That boom would have been well underway when Kingelez was active, primarily in the 1980s and 1990s, at the end of the reign of dictator and kleptocrat Mobutu Sese Seko. Kinshasa grew from 2.6 million in 1984 to over 11 million today. It surely was not pretty.
For all of Kingelez's whimsy, his creations convey earnest political messages. One building is a hospital for AIDS patients, a nod to the crisis that escalated in part because of governmental neglect. Another is a headquarters for the United Nations. More darkly, Kingelez's work speaks to the anxiety of living under dictatorship. Whatever freedom he may have felt in his workshop was likely absent on the real streets of Kinshasa. The Congolese government's failure to promote humane, democratic development spurred Kingelez to literally take matters into his own hands. When government and commerce cannot provide, art must step in.
Ville Fantome (1996), whose title coincidentally invokes Le Corbusier's Villa Radieuse, was meant to represent “a peaceful city where everybody is free,” Kingelez said. "It's a city that breathes nothing but joy, the beauty of life. It's a melting pot of all races in the world. Here you live in a paradise, just like heaven." That's quite a burden for a collection of foamcore and cardboard.
The Modernist elements of his designs—ones that are often associated more with authoritarianism than freedom—may simply have been a reflection of the times, as Kingelez responded to the chaos and dysfunction of late 20th century African cities the same way that the Modernists did to American and European cities in the early half of the century. Kingelez's vision echoes that of Afrofuturism, the 1970s movement that envisioned a modern, prosperous postcolonial Africa. His designs are not entirely dissimilar to that of the movie Black Panther's fictional Wakanda, which explores similar political and aesthetic themes.
As fanciful as Kingelez's creations are, reality has caught up with them in the three decades since he did his major work.
While New York City's new generation of supernal skyscrapers, many of which are clustered around MoMA, are relatively demure, the skylines of many new cities bristle with exactly the type of ornament that Kingelez envisioned, if not the social harmony for which he hoped. Think of Shanghai, Shenzhen, Baku, Doha, and, of course, Dubai. Contemporary design and engineering techniques have made feasible many design elements that previously might have been impossible or prohibitively expensive. Changing tastes have made them desirable. And, in many cases, autocracy has made them permissible.
Kingelez's works implicitly protest authoritarianism and poverty in his home country. Today's fantastical buildings celebrate authoritarianism and wealth in theirs. Meanwhile, cities in Africa continue to grow with explosive speed. Many such cities have pockets of wealth surrounded by ever expanding slums. Their impoverished majorities, numbering now in the hundreds of millions across Africa, who seek fun or utopianism may have to use their imaginations.
Bodys Isek Kingelez: City Dreams
Through January 1, 2019
The Museum of Modern Art
New York City

Houston Apartments To Be Demolished for Freeway Widening
Despite a federal hold on the controversial freeway widening project, the Texas Department of Transportation is pushing ahead with the demolition of an apartment complex in downtown Houston.

Four ‘Low-Hanging Fruit’ Zoning Reforms
An excerpt from the latest book on zoning argues for four approaches to reform that can immediately improve land use regulation in the United States.

San Francisco Just Ended Single-Family Zoning
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to Tuesday to eliminate single-family zoning, but pro-development advocates say additional changes are needed to unleash a wave of construction.

Whitefish ADU Ordinance Could Ease Housing Crunch
Recently approved revisions to the city’s accessory dwelling unit regulations prioritize long-term rentals to increase housing affordability for local renters.

San Jose Begins Lowering Speed Limits
Thanks to a state bill, California cities can reduce speed limits on city streets by 5 miles per hour to improve traffic safety.

Tucson Development Boom Threatens Displacement of Longtime Residents
Median rent in Tucson rose by 30 percent since a year ago, prompting fears of displacement among many residents struggling to afford housing.
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
Lehigh Valley Planning Commission
City of Rolling Hills Estates
HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research
HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research
Harvard Graduate School of Design Executive Education
City of Apache Junction
City of Helena
Gallatin County, Montana
Urban Design for Planners 1: Software Tools
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process.
Hand Drawing Master Plans
This course aims to provide an introduction into Urban Design Sketching focused on how to hand draw master plans using a mix of colored markers.