Ideally, the best way to encourage sales of non-polluting electric vehicles would be to price carbon emissions. But if that isn't possible, why not reward EV owners with perks such as free parking; or would that be a distortionary incentive?
Severin Borenstein, director of the UC Berkeley Energy Institute at the Haas School of Business, views the free parking privilege as a "distortionary incentive", meaning that the reward creates a new set of problems. He points to the 15-year policy at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) of giving free parking (now $30 per day) for EVs that was finally cancelled on March 1. The incentive served to "lower the overall cost of travelling [sic] by air, itself a greenhouse gas (GHG)-intensive activity". It was cancelled in part due to travelers using the the EV charging parking stalls for long-term parking, denying the service for those motorists actually in need of recharging their vehicles.
His article illustrates the gap between the laws that policy-makers enact and what economists - in this case, energy economists, say is good policy.
The near-unanimous view of economists is that the best way to deal with pollution externalities is by pricing them, generally through a pollution tax or cap and trade program. Yet, policy makers still prefer to reward “good” behavior rather than impose costs on bad behavior.
Turning toward road funding, Borenstein writes, "Exempting EVs from paying for road use is like giving them free parking at LAX, an indirect reward for good behavior that will be less equitable and efficient than taxing the negative externalities directly". Noting that "technology now allows easy pricing of vehicle miles traveled (VMT)", he supports charging a VMT-fee for those vehicles that pay no gas taxes.
However, he also supports gas taxes, noting that his Prius has a license plate stating, "TAX GAS". He asserts, "There's really no reason to think that exemption for road taxes creates the right level of incentives for reducing GHGs".
Should Oregon's voluntary VMT-fee bill, SB 810 be signed by Gov. John Kitzhaber, as expected, it will be interesting to see how many EV owners step-up and ask to be charged by the miles they drive. However, it should be noted that conventional car owners may ask to participate as they will be refunded the gas tax they pay. The program is limited to 5,000 participants.
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