Central to any truly meaningful, sustainable urban sanitation program is an intimate understanding of ecosystems. To the natural world, there is no such thing as waste; as Leidreiter explains, "all wastes produced are converted into nutrients for future growth." And while clean energy often takes center stage in discussions of sustainability, finding ways to integrate ecological cycles into urban waste policy is just as critical.
To make that shift on an urban scale requires a holistic approach: just as those managing waste must consider its origin, those creating raw materials and refined products must consider their ultimate destination. These principles laid the foundation of the City of Oakland's waste reduction program, which began in 2006 with the adoption of a simple goal: zero waste by 2020.
In the first four years of the program, Oakland cut its annual landfill input by almost 30 percent – from 400,000 tons per year down to 291,000. The introduction of a composting program for organic material (food scraps and yard waste) alone led much of the progress: in 2008, organic material accounted for 48 percent of all garbage destined for Oakland's landfills.
Leidreiter notes that the program moves forward in "logical increments": "(1) improving downstream reuse and recycling of end-of-life products and materials, (2) pursuing upstream re-design strategies to reduce the volume and toxicity of discarded products and materials and promote low-impact lifestyles, and (3) fostering and supporting the use of discarded products and materials to stimulate and drive local economic and workforce development."
