How sustainable is the internal combustion engine? The answer depends, in part, on your historical perspective. This point becomes startlingly evident in a recent article by UCLA doctoral student Eric Morris in the most recent issue of Access magazine. The magazine publishes accessible versions of academic research and is published by the University of California Transportation Center at Berkeley.
How sustainable is the internal combustion engine? The answer depends, in part, on your historical perspective. This point becomes startlingly evident in a recent article by UCLA doctoral student Eric Morris in the most recent issue of Access magazine. The magazine publishes accessible versions of academic research and is published by the University of California Transportation Center at Berkeley.
In From Horse Power to Horsepower, Morris takes us back to the turn of the 20th century. Horses were the primary mode of transportation, and they were killing our cities. Not only were cities densely populated, but horses had to be stabled and fed. Virtually all goods and services had to be transported by horse. Rising incomes and trade meant horse power was even more accessible to a broader number of people and businesses.
The environmental consequences were staggering. In New York and Brooklyn alone:
· 3-4 million pounds of manure had to be cleared each day
· 40,000 gallons of urine had to be disposed of each day
· 15,000 dead horses had to be carted off each year
· Fatalities from horses were 75 higher than today's fatality rate for autos.
What saved New York (and other big cities) from this environmental disaster? The automobile.
"As difficult as it may be to believe for the modern observer," Morris writes, "at the time the private automobile was widely hailed as an environmental savior." In addition, the broad use of the automobile allowed humans to significantly reduce their footprint on the earth as thousands of acres of land were no longer necessary to grow hay, oats, and other feed.
Morrris concludes:
Today, many observers believe that only a drastic reduction of travel and/or switch to slower and more inconvenient modes can mitigate transportation's negative externalities. But neither draconian regulations nor disincentives for travel were necessary to fix the horse pollution problem. Human ingenuity and technology (enabled by government, which provided infrastructure and regulations) did the job-and at the same time they brought a tremendous concurrent increase in mobility.
Kindling Planning
Downloading my newest addition to my Kindle library—the digital book service provided by Amazon.com—I remembered the gentle criticism of a planner on a list serve not too long ago. The thread was on sustainability and global warming. I had made the point that market economies were innovative economies, and too much of the planning discussion on sustainability focused on reduced consumption without seriously discussing the ways technology fundamentally changed our choice sets. The planner chastised me for my faith in markets, saying, in a nutshell, we need to focus on what we know we can influence and not hedge are bets on the past. The implication was that markets were too ephemeral and undependable to include in long-term planning.
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